The impact of exurban development on forested areas in Kurgan City,Russia

Exurban communities—a significant form of urban sprawl—can transform natural land cover. Exurban development refers to an expansion of communities located outside a city and its suburbs. One of the main reasons these settlements develop is a desire by residents to live closer to nature and developers’ recognition of the profitability of addressing this desire. Additionally, exurbs can become prosperous regions settled by people with high income. However, exurban development not only directly affects community patterns, but also species patterns, habitat reduction and disconnection, as well as land cover and land use alterations. The purpose of this paper is a quantitative analysis of the land cover transformation and forest fragmentation in Post-Soviet Russia, based on an empirical case study of the city of Kurgan. This case study also contributes to the overall research of urban sprawl in Russian provinces by adding to the discussion of homeowners’ behavior, regional environmental policies, and their role concerning the impacts of exurban settlements on the natural environment. This paper uses remote sensing imagery, census data, and primary data to analyze land cover change due to the emergence of exurban communities around Kurgan, Russia, with specific emphasis on the changes to native vegetation resulting from human behavior and stakeholder preferences.     

新时期中国城市绿地管理方式的现状、 问题及建议

当前中国城市绿地资源日益丰富，绿地建设由单纯 的规模扩张转向扩容提质并举的新时期，城市绿地发展开始向 提升城市生态文明、改善居民生活质量的目标转变。在全面分 析了当前我国现行绿地管理中城市绿线划定、行业指标管理、 绿地系统规划、遥感调查与测评几种常用方式方法的现状、问 题及彼此的耦合关系之后，进一步提出我国城市绿地管控需首 要解决城市绿地资源价值化评估的关键科学问题，同时提出城 市绿地管控需结合大数据向精细化和智慧化发展，行业指标体 系需进一步从空间和指标内涵上进行扩充等具体建议，为切实 提升我国城市绿地管理水平提供重要参考。     

基于卫星遥感的东北三省露天秸秆焚烧及其排放研究

[目的]为了解我国东北地区露天秸秆焚烧及其排放情况,为东北地区秸秆资源综合利用、环境质量改善提供依据。[方法]基于MODIS卫星数据、GFASv1排放清单数据及土地利用数据,采用上下文算法及空间统计方法对东北三省2015~2017年秸秆焚烧火点及PM_(2.5)排放时空分布特征进行了分析。[结果]东北三省秸秆焚烧主要集中在黑龙江省西南部和东北部、吉林省的中西部以及辽宁省中部地区;2015~2017年东北三省共计1.871 8万个露天秸秆焚烧火点,PM_(2.5)排放总量为17.3万t,火点最多的年份为2017年,排放量最大的年份为2015年,东北三省中黑龙江省火点最多,排放量最大,占比分别为71.9%和73.3%;东北地区年内各月秸秆焚烧火点及PM_(2.5)排放在春(3~4月)、秋(10~11月)两季最为明显,呈双峰分布,春季火点数及排放量多于秋季,且呈春季增加、秋季减少趋势。[结论]东北地区秸秆资源综合利用量有了一定的提高,秋季禁烧工作成效明显,春季秸秆禁烧工作有待加强。     

1986~2016年呼伦湖水域面积动态变化及与气候因素关系研究

［目的］呼伦湖是内蒙古自治区第一大湖，在呼伦贝尔市生态保护和经济发展中发挥着不可替代的重要作用，动态监测呼伦湖水域面积是呼伦湖保护和可持续发展的基础。［方法］以呼伦湖地区1986~2016年Landsat系列卫星TM、ETM+、OLI影像，通过目视解译提取呼伦湖31年的水域面积，分析其在时间和空间上变化特征，并探寻其动态变化的气候驱动因素。［结果］（1）1986~2016年呼伦湖水域面积动态变化可分为4个阶段，呼伦湖水域面积最大为1991年的2315.94万km2，最小为2012年的1761.90万km2；（2）呼伦湖水域面积与生长季平均相对湿度呈极显著正相关关系，降水量、平均气温、蒸发量虽然在统计上与呼伦湖水域面积无显著相关关系，但间接地与平均相对湿度存在显著的相关关系；呼伦湖水域面积与乌尔逊河、克鲁伦河年径流量呈极显著正相关关系。［结论］从长期来看，呼伦湖水域面积整体呈下降趋势，主要减少区域分布在东北部及南部；不同气候因素对呼伦湖水域面积存在直接或间接的相关关系且影响各异，需综合考虑。     

分布式光纤传感器在油田水井注入剖面监测中的应用

目前油田常用的注入剖面监测方法存在施工周期长、井况适应性差、有污染等缺点。为了寻找新的注入剖面监测方法，采用分布式光纤温度传感系统（DTS）监测注水过程的井温变化情况，通过井温变化斜率定性分析各层注入量的大小。采用分布式声波传感系统（DAS）监测注水过程中井下的振动情况，根据振动能量分析，定位各配水器准确位置，并估算注入量大小。根据试验结果DTS和DAS系统可用于注入剖面的快速监测和估算，利于油田方更实时且准确的掌握注入剖面情况。     

Assessing urban growth and rural land use transformations in a cross-border situation in Northern Namibia and Southern Angola

The Okavango catchment is a hot spot of accelerating land use change. In particular, climate predictions, demographic developments and a growing utilization of ecosystem services and functions are expected to increase pressure on resources and land. Land use conflicts, the sustenance of precarious livelihoods, deforestation of woodland savannahs, upstream–downstream water issues and human–wildlife conflicts are among the processes that are characteristic of policy and management challenges in the region. In the Eastern and Western Kavango regions of Namibia and the Cuando-Cubango province of Angola, a unique cross-border situation exists that allows assessing how the combination of local traditions, regional land management and national policies determines spatial patterns of land use and land cover transformation processes.To map major land use types and change processes we used a set of multi-temporal Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ data sets, support vector machine (SVM) classification and iterative spectral mixture analysis (ISMA) on images covering the period from 1990 to 2010. Integrating satellite imagery with literature reviews, interviews, census and household survey data, we assessed the contrasting development of resource utilization on both sides of the Okavango River. We investigated if and how policies and regulations at different levels drive land use decisions, and how these decisions manifest spatially.We found a strong and interconnected urban growth on both sides of the river. The area around Rundu has constantly been evolving to become Namibia's second largest city, also functioning as a hub of development and transborder commerce with opposing Calai. This trend was found to affect adjacent settlement areas and cause widespread conversion of woodland savannahs to agricultural land or their utilization for timber extraction. The conversion of woodland savannah to arable land was by far the dominant land use change process on both sides of the river, with a total conversion area of 460 km² (Namibia) and 293 km² (Angola) observed during the observation period. Strong spatial change gradients occurred in relation to determining factors, such as accessibility, proximity to water, urban centres, etc., while relations to settlements where less obvious. Assessing results by country illustrated the difference in land use intensity and resource consumption between Angola and Namibia, which relate directly to historical developments, with a long period of stability in Namibia standing opposed to the recent and ongoing recovery from civil war in Angola. These are added to by statutory and traditional policy frameworks, the national endowment with natural capital (e.g. oil, uranium, diamonds, zinc) and the integration into global markets, which strongly affects national economies of both countries at large.Underlying land use decisions were found to be largely driven by individualized perspectives on growth ideologies, consumerism and wealth-aspirations connected to globalization processes. However, at present the result of these perspectives is still mainly a small-structured conversion to rainfed agriculture as a component of subsistence strategies of local livelihoods, and thus stands opposed to other regions of the world, where change processes are much more driven by large companies or follow national regulations and result in more intensive uses.     

Comparison of land use change in payments for environmental services and National Biological Corridor Programs

Costa Rica established the National Biological Corridor Program in 2006. Under the National Biological Corridor Program, the long-running Payment for Environmental Services Program was newly prioritized into biological corridors throughout the country. The National Biological Corridor Program caused a nationwide spatial shift in placement of payments for environmental services throughout Costa Rica. We classified ASTER 15-m resolution imagery in a central Costa Rica corridor connecting the eastern and western protected areas networks to analyze the change in forests during the National Biological Corridor Program with its targeted payments for environmental services effort. We used object-based classification methods, and compared land cover changes over an initial four-year period of corridor policy enactment. We calculated the changes within PES properties and outside of PES regions, and we also calculated forest patch metrics during the same time period. Results indicate a decline in forest cover over the study period, along with an increase in urban and pasture land covers, with higher change and loss of forest centered inside of the biological corridor, near the construction area for the new San Carlos highway, and within eastern pasture areas. We also saw a higher percentage of forest loss inside of the biological corridor area as compared to areas outside of the biological corridor. Forest loss was drastically less within current and historic PES properties, as compared to the overall study region. Across the entire study region, patch metrics show a decrease in the number of patches and a slight decrease in average patch size. These results suggest that current and past designation of PES prevents forest loss within PES properties while the current designation of priority conservation status via the National Biological Corridor Program is not increasing connectivity and forest conservation. This is shown by increased land use change and a decrease in forest associated with biological corridor designation. These results are antithetical to the goals of the National Biological Corridor Program.     

基于遥感数据的青海湖流域土地沙漠化评价研究

青海湖地区是我国青藏高原的生态脆弱区。我们利用遥感技术手段配合地面调查数据,建立适合青海湖流域的沙漠化评价指标体系,并对流域的沙漠化程度进行评价。结果显示,青海湖流域潜在沙漠化土地面积7497.45km~2,占研究区总面积的55.82%;发展中的沙漠化土地面积4569.81km~2,占研究区总面积的34.03%;强烈发展中的沙漠化土地面积546.41km~2,占研究区总面积的4.07%;严重沙漠化土地面积816.62km~2,占研究区总面积的6.08%。气候与土壤结构是青海湖流域土地沙化的主要原因。     

基于RBF神经网络的高光谱遥感影像降维及分类

高光谱遥感影像数据量大,针对该特点,为尽可能保留数据中有价值的信息,首先采用线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)方法对高光谱遥感影像数据进行降维,接着应用径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)神经网络方法对其进行分类处理。实验结果表明,分类精度可达到70%以上,具有良好的分类效果,证明了该方法的可行性。     

杭州市区LUCC与社会经济的关系研究

土地是人类绝大部分活动的空间载体。人类的活动与土地利用和土地覆盖变化(Land Use/Cover Change,简称LUCC)息息相关。改革开放后,杭州市区LUCC较显著,与人口、经济发展、生活水平、交通运输等因子有着密切的联系。本文在对杭州市区遥感影像分类基础上,运用转移矩阵对其进行土地类型分析。结果表明各个阶段杭州市区建筑面积增加,大量耕地转化为建筑用地,在2000年后转化速度较快。这是杭州城市化的必然结果。通过主成分分析发现交通运输因子在各个因子间更具有代表性,但对各个LUCC进行逐步回归分析发现林地、水体的面积和人口的相关性较高,建筑、耕地的面积分别与城镇人均居住面积成高度的正、负相关。人口和人均居住面积是市区LUCC的关键因素。